← All booksBook VII

Verification & Reflection

Catching the model's mistakes.

29 patterns in this book. · Updated

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When to reach for each

01. Evaluator-Optimizer One LLM generates; another evaluates and feeds back; loop until criteria are met. Best for: Single-shot generation tops out below the quality the task requires. Tradeoff: Cost = (generator + evaluator) x iterations. Watch for: Single-shot generation already meets quality targets.

02. Self-Refine Iterate generate → feedback (same model) → refine until a stop criterion fires, with no separate critic model. Best for: The same model can produce useful self-feedback against an explicit improvement target. Tradeoff: Reinforces same-model blind spots (Reflexion replication studies). Watch for: A different model family is available and would give independent critique.

03. Best-of-N Sampling Sample N candidate outputs and select the highest-ranked by a reward model or scorer. Best for: A scorer or reward model exists that ranks candidates better than the generator picks them. Tradeoff: Cost scales with N. Watch for: No reliable scorer is available to pick among candidates.

04. Reflection Have the model review its own output and produce a revised version in one or more passes. Best for: One-shot generation underuses the model and a critique pass would catch errors. Tradeoff: Diminishing returns after one or two passes. Watch for: The model already produces correct outputs in one pass.

05. Confidence Reporting Surface the agent's uncertainty about its answer alongside the answer itself. Best for: Downstream code or UI needs to distinguish 'I know' from 'I am guessing' on each answer. Tradeoff: Calibration is empirical and drifts. Watch for: Confidence labels would be ignored by both the UI and the routing layer.

All patterns in this book

Evaluator-Optimizer

×6

One LLM generates; another evaluates and feeds back; loop until criteria are met.

Self-Refine

×6

Iterate generate → feedback (same model) → refine until a stop criterion fires, with no separate critic model.

Best-of-N Sampling

×5

Sample N candidate outputs and select the highest-ranked by a reward model or scorer.

Reflection

×3

Have the model review its own output and produce a revised version in one or more passes.

Confidence Reporting

×3

Surface the agent's uncertainty about its answer alongside the answer itself.

Process Reward Model

×3

Train a verifier that scores each reasoning step rather than only the final answer.

Self-Modification Diff Gate

×3

Gate the agent's edits to its own code or rules through a separate critic persona that reviews the diff before it lands.

Prompt Variant Evaluation

×2

Author multiple variants of the same prompt node, run them as a batch against a shared dataset, and let an automated evaluation flow score them so the winning variant is selected by measurement.

Dimensional Synthetic Eval Set

×2

Generate evaluation inputs not by free-form LLM prompting (which mode-collapses) but by enumerating tuples over explicitly named dimensions and seeding generation from each tuple.

Frozen Rubric Reflection

×2

Constrain reflection to a fixed, hand-authored rubric of criteria so the reviewer cannot invent new ones each run.

Tool-Augmented Self-Correction

×2

Self-correct LLM outputs by interactively critiquing them with external tools (search, code execution, calculator).

Reflexion

×2

Have the agent write linguistic lessons from past failures and consult them in future episodes.

Self-Consistency

×1

Sample the same question multiple times at non-zero temperature and aggregate by majority or judge to mitigate hallucination.

Behavior-Pinning Test Before Agent Edit

×1

Capture the current behaviour of agent-touchable code as golden characterization tests before an agent edits it, with load-bearing values computed deterministically and only prose left to the model,…

Blind Grader with Isolated Context

×1

Run an evaluator in a separately-allocated context window with access only to the artifact and the rubric, never the producing agent's reasoning trace, so the grader cannot be primed by the producer'…

Cross-Reflection

×1

Reflection step performed by a *different* agent or foundation model from the original generator, so critique error is decorrelated from generation error.

Generator-Critic Separation

×1

Strict role separation between a Generator agent that produces drafts and a Critic agent that judges them against pre-defined criteria; the Critic never generates.

Human Reflection

×1

Reflection loop that explicitly collects human feedback (not approval) on agent plans to improve them, distinct from approval gates where the human only says yes/no.

Red-Team Sandbox Reproduction

×1

Routinely re-reproduce canonical alignment-failure modes inside a sealed sandbox per release; treat the alignment regression suite as a deployment gate.

Stochastic-Deterministic Boundary (SDB)

×1

Formalize the seam between an LLM proposal and a system action as a four-part contract — proposer, verifier, commit step, reject signal — so the contract itself, not the agent's good intent, gates si…

Verify-Before-Cite Resolution Gate

×1

After generation, resolve every cited authority against an external ground-truth registry and strip or block any citation that does not exist before the answer reaches the reader.

Agentic Context Engineering Playbook

×1

Treat the agent's system prompt and long-lived memory as a structured, item-addressable playbook that evolves through small delta updates from a Generator/Reflector/Curator loop, so accumulated tacti…

Commitment Tracking

×1

Extract stated intents from each agent turn into a structured ledger with open / followed-through / expired status, making the gap between promise and follow-through visible and auditable.

Darwin-Gödel Self-Rewrite

×1

An agent rewrites its own source code, archives every successful variant, and samples mutation parents from the archive rather than the latest version, using archive diversity as stepping-stones to e…

Echo Recognition

×1

Recognize human message repetition as emphasis or a re-ask rather than as an independent input, so the agent does not produce a near-duplicate reply when the human repeats themselves.

World Model as Tool

×1

Let a planning agent invoke a generative world model as a tool to roll out hypothetical futures before committing to an action, treating the world model as a callable simulator rather than a training…

Confidence-Checking Workflow

Always ask the agent, for each part of its output, to state its confidence and identify which parts need human verification, like triaging a junior analyst's work.

Planner-Executor-Verifier (PEV)

Triadic specialization where a planner produces the plan, an executor runs it, and a separate verifier checks each step's effects against the original goal.